What constitutes an educational record?

An educational record is defined as records that are directly related to a student and are maintained by an educational institution or a party acting on behalf of the institution. This encompasses a wide variety of documents that support a student's educational experience, such as transcripts, grades, disciplinary records, and other information maintained by the school or college.

Records related to students maintained by educational institutions specifically include any information that can be used to identify the student as it relates to their academic performance or behavioral conduct within the educational setting, which is why this choice is correct.

Other options, such as medical history, financial records, and employment history, do not fit within the definition of educational records as they do not pertain directly to a student's academic experience or are not primarily maintained by the educational institution in connection with academic progress or achievements. Medical records are typically protected under HIPAA, while financial records may involve additional privacy regulations, and employment history is generally not considered part of a student's educational record unless specifically tied to the context of their education.