Which of the following items is considered directory information?

Directory information refers to specific types of student information that can be shared without consent under FERPA guidelines, as they are generally not considered harmful if disclosed. Examples of directory information commonly include a student's name, address, phone number, email address, date of birth, major field of study, enrollment status, and participation in officially recognized activities and sports.

Among the provided options, personal photographs fall into the category of directory information because they are not typically sensitive or protected data that would raise privacy concerns when shared. These types of photographs often represent aspects of a student's school-related activities or achievements and can be used for promotional purposes by the educational institution.

On the other hand, items such as grades, behavioral records, and disciplinary actions are considered educational records and are protected under FERPA. These pieces of information involve evaluations of a student’s performance and conduct, thus requiring consent for disclosure to maintain student privacy.