Who can access PHI without patient authorization under HIPAA regulations?

The correct choice indicates that researchers can access protected health information (PHI) without patient authorization, but only under specific conditions established by HIPAA regulations. This is often appropriate when the research is approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) or involves a waiver of consent under certain circumstances. For example, if the research is not likely to adversely affect the privacy rights of individuals, and if the information is necessary for the research objectives, it can be accessible without explicit patient consent. Researchers must adhere to strict guidelines to ensure the privacy and confidentiality of PHI while still facilitating essential research activities.

The other options do not align accurately with HIPAA’s requirements regarding access to PHI without authorization. Healthcare workers may require authorization or work under the umbrella of treatment, payment, or healthcare operations to access a patient's PHI. Family members typically need consent from the patient to access their health information unless circumstances such as emergencies apply. Insurance companies may access PHI necessary for processing claims, but this is generally related to the authorization given for treatment or payment purposes and not automatically available without patient consent.